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The Divine Name (part 3)

David Capes
By David Capes
September 23, 2012

One of the most important decisions any Bible translation team has to make has to do with how their translation will treat the divine name.  The Voice translation team looked hard at the question and decided to translate God’s name “the Eternal.”  In the last post I shared with you two reasons we took that approach.  In this third and last post on the question, I want to share with you our final reason. 

While we have anglicized most other names in Scripture (Benyamin = Benjamin; Shemuel = Samuel; Jeshua = Joshua; Petros = Peter; Paulos = Paul), we have chosen not to do so with the divine name out of respect for that name and our deep appreciation for both Jewish and Christian traditions. The Ten Directives warn against using the name of God in any frivolous, self-serving way (Exodus 20:7).  Over time—and under the influence of this directive—faithful Jewish communities spoke the name less and less until it was prohibited from use altogether except on the most solemn occasions in the temple.  Even when Scripture was read aloud in the synagogue, the readers did not utter the divine name; instead, when they came across it in the text, they substituted a word for it.  In Aramaic-speaking synagogues they would say “Adonai”; in Greek-speaking they would say “kyrios.”

Many Jews today carry on this tradition of reverence by refusing to speak the name at all and referring to God as “HaShem” (“the Name”). Early Christians continued similar practices regarding sacred names and invented new ways to signal that respect.  When, for example, scribes wrote and copied the Scriptures, they refrained from fully spelling out the names and titles associated with God the Father, Son, and Spirit.  Instead, they employed what we call today nomina sacra (sacred names). When copyists came across these special names in the text, they would abbreviate them with two letters (generally) and draw a line above those letters to indicate to the reader that this is a sacred name. On the image I've attached to this blog you can see the nomina sacra in the top corners of the image.  It says "Jesus the Christ." In the halo around Jesus' head it reads: "the one who is" from the book of Revelation.

The Voice translation of the divine name by “the Eternal” and “the Eternal One” carries on the church’s long-standing tradition of reverence for God and His name.  It also attempts to translate the meaning of the name and re-contextualize it for our culture. We wish to emphasize both the covenantal and eternal aspects of God’s name.  It is covenantal in that God is revealing His special name as a prelude to an enduring relationship with Him, a relationship in which He promises to be there with and for us. It is eternal in that God’s name, like God Himself, is timeless and unchanging.  


David Capes lives in Texas and is the Thomas Nelson Research Professor at Houston Baptist University. He earned his Bachelor's Degree in Religion at Mercer University in Atlanta, his Master's in Divinity and his doctorate in New Testament at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Texas. He is the author of numerous publications and is one of the top scholars and writers for The Voice.

Comments

Chuck McKnight said...
September 24, 2012
This is an understandable approach to take. It's one I can certainly appreciate. Personally though, when I look at the Jewish tradition that emerged of replacing Yahweh with Adonai, I see it more as a superstition or taboo. The great psalmist David (along with many others throughout the Old Testament) had no problem speaking and even shouting the divine name, so I see no reason to avoid it either. None-the-less, I really do respect the choice of "Eternal One" for this translation.
David Capes said...
September 24, 2012
Chuck, there is a little folk religion in everyone I think. If we had confidence that the divine name is properly spoken as "Yahweh" instead of "Yahveh" or "Yahoveh", let's say, you might have more takers. The tendency not to speak the Name at all except in the temple on the most solemn occasions developed over time as Jews asked two questions: What is the divine name? What does it mean to take it "in vain" or as we translate it in THE VOICE "You are not to use My name for your own idle purposes, for the Eternal will punish anyone who treats His name as anything less than sacred" (Exodus 20:7). They struggled with what that means and ended up building a hedge about the law. If they never spoke the divine name, then they could not be guilty of taking it in vain. Remember these are people who suffered terribly in exile at the hands of their enemies for centuries, according to the prophets because they had disobeyed God.
Chuck McKnight said...
September 24, 2012
I've always taken the command in Exodus 20:7 to mean swearing an oath by the name Yahweh and not following through with it. In other words, don't take Yahweh's name in an oath lightly. Be sure you can fulfill what you promise. It is clarified to mean this its restatement in Leviticus 19:12.

And then, of course, Jesus added to that further by saying not to take an oath by anything at all; just let your yes mean yes and your no mean no.

As for "Yahweh" being the technically correct pronunciation, it may or may not be. "Jesus" certainly isn't the correct pronunciation either, but I'm pretty sure God is more concerned with our heart than he is with our phonetics.

Again though, I really do like your choice for this translation. I think it fits it well. :)
Chuck Venhuizen said...
September 24, 2012
Dr. Capes, you pointed out previously that “YHWH” appears to be derived from the Hebrew word for “to be”. Would that make “YHWH” a distinctly Hebrew word? And wouldn’t Hebrew people like King David, when they spoke the Divine Name, have understood and conveyed the timelessness of God’s nature? In contrast, there’s nothing in English to derive this meaning from “YHWH”. So, if our English-speaking world is to come close to understanding and be impacted by the word “YHWH” like the ancients were, then we need an approximation, and I think “The Eternal” is a great choice.
David Capes said...
September 25, 2012
Chuck M. the prohibition against taking God's name in vain probably had a good many applications including invoking God's name in magic spells. Egypt is awash in magic at the time. Magic in religion is not about illusion but about manipulating spiritual powers through incantations in order to accomplish your own purposes. Therefore, using God's name to accomplish your own plans and agenda. What you suggest is true as well, swearing an oath which becomes in vain because you faith to keep it. You are correct Jesus is an Anglicized version of the Hebrew Yehoshua.
David Capes said...
September 25, 2012
Chuck V,
Yes, YHWH is a distinctly Hebrew name. When it is used in the psalms, for example, I think the people reciting them or singing them would have understood the timeless or eternal nature of the one they sung about. For us, without the Hebrew background, YHWH is just a name without meaning. Most biblical names, in fact most names in general, are derived from some word or meaning. My name, David, is from a root meaning "beloved." Stephen is from a Greek word meaning "crown." Nearly all names are derivative and descriptive in this way. We hope that "the Eternal" is a good choice for our audience.

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